Proposal of a New Reference Point to Determine the Tibial Resection Depth during Total Knee Arthroplasty for Valgus Knees

1.1. Our Question About the Tibial Resection Depth During Total Knee Arthroplasty for Valgus Knees

The articular surface of the medial or lateral tibial plateau has been used as a reference point for the tibial resection depth during TKA for valgus knees and the lateral tibial plateau is generally considered to locate more distally than the medial one in valgus knees [2-5]. Does the lateral tibial plateau locate more distally in all valgus knees? We examined weight-bearing anteroposterior lower extremity radiographs of 25 patients with valgus knees who underwent TKA during recent three years. A perpendicular line to the mechanical axis of the tibia was drawn at the level of the lowest portion of the lateral tibial plateau (Fig. 1a-c) to determine which plateau was located more distally. It was revealed that the medial tibial plateau was located more distally than the lateral one in six knees, the lateral tibial plateau was located more distally than the medial one in 12 knees, and both plateaus had equal height in seven knees. Thus, there were three variations in the height of the medial and lateral tibial plateaus. Therefore, it is apparent that uniformly determining the tibial resection depth in valgus knees by using articular surface of the medial or lateral tibial plateau as a reference point is not appropriate.

1.2. Our Hypotheses About the Tibial Resection Depth During Total Knee Arthroplasty for Valgus Knees

From our experience of many TKAs for varus osteoarthritic knees, in which the articular cartilage surface of the lateral tibial plateau is generally used as a reference point for the tibial resection depth and the tibia is usually cut 9 to 10 mm distal to the cartilage surface, we hypothesized that the sulcus between the medial and lateral intercondylar tibial tubercles could be used as another reference point for the tibial resection depth in varus osteoarthritic knees. During recently performed 100 TKAs for varus knee osteoarthritis, in which the tibia was cut 9 mm distal to the cartilage surface of the lateral tibial plateau, the thickness of the resected tibia was measured at the point of the sulcus (central thickness). As the sulcus is usually filled with soft tissue, it should be clearly exposed by excising the soft tissue using an electrocautery device and a curet. The average central thickness in 100 varus knees, which gained proper extension and flexion joint gaps and ligament balance during TKA, was 8.5 ± 1.0 mm (range 6–11 mm) (Fig. 2). Since the standard deviation of 1.0 mm was considered small, we thereafter utilized the average central thickness of 8.5 mm as an accessory reference during TKA for varus knees. The average height of these 100 patients was 152.8 ± 6.7 cm (range 134.8–168.0 cm).

We further hypothesized that the sulcus could be used as a reference point and the tibial resection depth could be set at 8 to 9 mm distal to the sulcus in valgus knees as well.

1.3. The Examination of our Hypothesis About the Tibial Resection Depth During Total Knee Arthroplasty for Valgus Knees

We prospectively examined our second hypothesis during 22 TKAs (out of 25 TKAs radiologically examined) for valgus knees performed from September 2017 to October 2020. Data of these 22 patients were summarized in Table (1). There were three male and 19 female patients and their average age at the time of operation was 68.7 years (range, 60–82 years). The average height was 156.7 ± 7.8 cm (range 146.2–175.0 cm). Variation in the height of the medial and lateral tibial plateaus in these 22 knees was as follows: the medial tibial plateau was located more distally than the lateral one in five knees, the lateral tibial plateau was located more distally than the medial one in 11 knees, and both plateaus had equal height in six knees.

All TKAs were performed by the same surgical team. A midline longitudinal skin incision and a standard medial parapatellar arthrotomy were used. Both the distal femoral and proximal tibial cuts were performed perpendicular to the mechanical axes on the frontal plane, using an accelerometer-based computer navigation system: the KneeAlign2 system (OrthAlign Inc., Aliso Viejo, California, USA). At first, distal, anterior, and posterior femoral cuts were performed by usual manners. Next, the tibial resection depth was set at 8 to 9 mm distal to the sulcus using Persona tibial stylus (Fig. 3). The sulcus was clearly exposed by excising the soft tissue using an electrocautery device and a curet. Average thickness of the resected lateral and medial tibial plateau (lateral and medial thickness) was 2.9 ± 2.9 mm (range -2–9 mm) and 4.9 ± 2.1 mm (range 1–9 mm), respectively. Lateral thickness does not include cartilage thickness since the articular cartilage of the lateral tibial plateau is lost. Medial thickness includes cartilage thickness of the medial tibial plateau. After tibial bone resection, lateral soft tissue was released to a great extent, depending on the degree of lateral tightness, to gain proper extension and flexion joint gaps and ligament balance. Proper joint gaps and ligament balance were obtained without additional tibial resection in all TKAs examined. A posterior cruciate ligament-substituting and a constrained posterior cruciate ligament-substituting Persona prosthesis (Zimmer Biomet, Warsaw, Indiana, USA) were used in 11 and 11 TKAs, respectively. Thickness of bearing insert used was as follows: 10, 11, 12, 14, and 16 mm thick inserts were used in 14, 3, 3, 1, and 1 TKAs, respectively (Table 1). Thus, the use of a high level of constrained prosthesis and a thick bearing insert could be avoided in the presented 22 TKAs.

1.4. Our Proposal of a New Reference Point to Determine the Tibial Resection Depth During Total Knee Arthroplasty for Valgus Knees

We clarified that there were three variations in the height of the medial and lateral tibial plateaus in valgus knees. Accordingly, the fact that the articular surface of the medial or lateral tibial plateau has been uniformly used as a reference point for the tibial resection; depth [2-6] should be considered inadequate and should be corrected. If the articular surface of the medial or lateral tibial plateau can be used as a reference point, the thickness of the resected medial or lateral tibial plateau must become constant. However, in all TKAs examined, proper joint gaps and ligament balance were obtained when the tibial resection was performed 8 to 9 mm distal to the sulcus, and the resected medial tibial plateau was thicker than lateral one in knees in which the lateral tibial plateau is more distally located, and vice versa (Table 1). Thus, the thickness of the resected medial or lateral tibial plateau was never constant. In addition, in knees in which the medial tibial plateau is more distally located Fig. (1a), if the tibial cut is performed 2 mm under the lowest lateral point [6], it will be impossible to cut the medial tibial plateau, and if the tibial resection level is set from 6 to 10 mm in the medial compartment [2-5], the lateral tibial plateau will be excessively removed.